Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)

What are the vaccines a Bangladeshi kid receive?

A Bangladeshi kid receives vaccines against 9 diseases:

1. Tuberculosis,
2. Polio,
3. Diphtheria,
4. Pertussis,
5. Tetanus,
6. Hepatitis B,
7. H. influenza type B infection,
8. Measles and
9. Rubella.

Anxiety

What Is Anxiety ?

Anxiety is a general term for several disorders that cause nervousness, fear, apprehension, and worrying. These disorders affect how we feel and behave, and they can manifest real physical symptoms. Mild anxiety is vague and unsettling, while severe anxiety can be extremely debilitating, having a serious impact on daily life.

People often experience a general state of worry or fear before confronting something challenging such as a test, examination, recital, or interview. These feelings are easily justified and considered normal. Anxiety is considered a problem when symptoms interfere with a person's ability to sleep or otherwise function. Generally speaking, anxiety occurs when a reaction is out of proportion with what might be normally expected in a situation.
Anxiety disorders can be classified into several more specific types. The most common are briefly described below.

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) ?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic disorder characterized by excessive, long-lasting anxiety and worry about nonspecific life events, objects, and situations. GAD sufferers often feel afraid and worry about health, money, family, work, or school, but they have trouble both identifying the specific fear and controlling the worries. Their fear is usually unrealistic or out of proportion with what may be expected in their situation. Sufferers expect failure and disaster to the point that it interferes with daily functions like work, school, social activities, and relationships.

What is Panic Disorder ?

Panic Disorder is a type of anxiety characterized by brief or sudden attacks of intense terror and apprehension that leads to shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea, and difficulty breathing. Panic attacks tend to arise abruptly and peak after 10 minutes, but they then may last for hours. Panic disorders usually occur after frightening experiences or prolonged stress, but they can be spontaneous as well. A panic attack may lead an individual to be acutely aware of any change in normal body function, interpreting it as a life threatening illness - hypervigiliance followed by hypochondriasis. In addition, panic attacks lead a sufferer to expect future attacks, which may cause drastic behavioral changes in order to avoid these attacks.

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What is a Phobia ?

A Phobia is an irrational fear and avoidance of an object or situation. Phobias are different from generalized anxiety disorders because a phobia has a fear response identified with a specific cause. The fear may be acknowledged as irrational or unnecessary, but the person is still unable to control the anxiety that results. Stimuli for phobia may be as varied as situations, animals, or everyday objects. For example, agoraphobia occurs when one avoids a place or situation to avoid an anxiety or panic attack. Agoraphobics will situate themselves so that escape will not be difficult or embarrassing, and they will change their behavior to reduce anxiety about being able to escape.

What is Social Anxiety Disorder ?

Social Anxiety Disorder is a type of social phobia characterized by a fear of being negatively judged by others or a fear of public embarrassment due to impulsive actions. This includes feelings such as stage fright, a fear of intimacy, and a fear of humiliation. This disorder can cause people to avoid public situations and human contact to the point that normal life is rendered impossible.

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) ?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by thoughts or actions that are repetitive, distressing, and intrusive. OCD suffers usually know that their compulsions are unreasonable or irrational, but they serve to alleviate their anxiety. Often, the logic of someone with OCD will appear superstitious, such as an insistence in walking in a certain pattern. OCD sufferers may obsessively clean personal items or hands or constantly check locks, stoves, or light switches.

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What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) ?

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is anxiety that results from previous trauma such as military combat, rape, hostage situations, or a serious accident. PTSD often leads to flashbacks and behavioral changes in order to avoid certain stimuli.

What is Separation Anxiety Disorder ?

Separation Anxiety Disorder is characterized by high levels of anxiety when separated from a person or place that provides feelings of security or safety. Sometimes separation results in panic, and it is considered a disorder when the response is excessive or inappropriate.

Pharmacognosy Qusen for Final term Exam

Final term examination of Pharmacognosy

1.      Define Pharmacognosy. Describe history and scope of Pharmacognosy.

2.      Write down the official, non-official and unofficial drug with example.

3.      Classify crude drugs according to morphology of plants.

4.      What do you mean by drug evaluation? Describe the official methods of drug evaluation.

5.      Define drug adulteration. Describe the methods of drug adulteration.

6.      Write down the collection, Drying and packaging steps of herbal drug.

7.      Write down the importance of trees in Health care.

8.      How crude drugs should be stored ?

9.      Write down the cardiac glycoside ? classify glycoside.

10.  What is cardiac constituents , mechanism and use of Digitalis.

11.  How Digitalis plans should  be cultivated.

12.  Write a short note on belladonna and belsam tolu.

13.  Write down the methods of obtaining volatile oil by plant analysis.

14.  Write down the use and constituents of olive oil and castor oil.

15.  Define surgical dressings. Describe about the gauge and bandage.

16.  Write down the chemical test and adulteration of Isapgol and acacia.

17.  Write down a short note on Rauwolfia.

Chapter : 1

Common Cardiovascular Drugs

Busulphan

Busulphan

Introduction :

Busulphan is a bifunctional cytotoxic alkylating agent and prototype agent of alkyl sulfonates. Busulphan is a antineoplastic agent, also known as anticancerous drug, unrelated to nitrogen mustards. All alkylating agents have or can form an alkyl group that becomes covalently bound to cellular constituents. Busulphan is used in combination of different types of anticancerous drugs to obtain better therapeutic effects and to reduce the side effects or toxicities.

PharmacoKinetics: 

Volume of distribution is found to be 0.99l/kg and plasma protien binding is 7.4%. and metabolism is reported extensive. Renal Excretion accounts for 10-50% (inactive etabolite), 1% (unchaged) and plasma half life is 2-3 hr.

Indications :
Busulphan is primarily indicated in conditions like Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Granulocytic leukemia, Polycythemia vera, and can also be given in adjunctive therapy as an alternative drug of choice in Myelofibrosis, Thrombocythaemia.

Aspirin

Aspirin

Definition: - Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug (NSAIDs). It’s relieves pain and reduces fever.

The chemical name of aspirin is Acetyl salicylic acid.

Properties of aspirin:-

                                                                                   i.         Analgesic.

                                                                                 ii.         Anti-pyretic.

                                                                               iii.         Anti-inflammation.

                                                                               iv.         Thrombosis in artery.

                                                                                 v.         Platelets aggregation.

Use or Indication of aspirin:-

1.     Myocardial infection.

2.     After bypass surgery.

3.     Headache

4.     Dysmenorrhea

5.     Influenza.

6.     Toothache

7.     Cold, fever.

Dosage and administration of aspirin:

ü  Normal dose: 300 mg 3 times daily.

ü  In. Rh fever: 5 mg/kg/day (300mg day of 60 kg man)

ü  In. Rh arthritis: 4- 6 mg /day.

Strength:

ü  300 mg

ü  75 mg

All definition notes

All definition notes

Pharmaceutical Chemistry : -  It is the branch of chemistry that deals with chemicals which are used in medicine. It also includes that the study of structure biological activity metabolism & mechanism of action of drug.

Pharmacognosy :- The word "Pharmacognosy" is derived from the Greek words pharmakon (drug) and gnosis (knowledge).

Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines Pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources. It is also defined as the study of crude drugs.

Pharmaceutics :- It is the science and art of preparing medicine from crude or finished drugs the different dosages forms. It is also deals with dispensing and marketing of such product.

Pharmacology :- Pharmacology embraces the knowledge of history , source , physical and chemical properties , compounding , biological and physiological effects , mechanism of action , absorption , distribution , biotransformation , excretion , therapeutic and uses of drugs .

Pharmacy :- Pharmacy is the science of preparing compounding and dispensing of drugs suitable dosages from for administration.

Pharmacist :- A pharmacist is a person , who is preparing compounding and dispensing of drugs suitable administration.

Anatomy :- The term anatomy is derived from the Greek words meaning “to cut apart” because in anatomical studies the human body or its parts ate dissected to be examined.

Anatomy is the study of the body parts and their relationships to one another.

Physiology :-